数学-积分类-分式积分

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数学-积分类-分式积分

数学-5/11-积分类#

T1-赋值法求有理函数积分#

题意:#

求不定积分:

I=2x2+2x+13(x2)(x2+1)2dxI=\int\frac{2x^{2}+2x+13}{(x-2)(x^{2}+1)^{2}}\mathrm{d}x
题解

将积分分解为部分分式之和:

2x2+2x+13(x2)(x2+1)2=ax2+bx+cx2+1+dx+e(x2+1)2,\begin{aligned} \frac{2x^2 + 2x + 13}{(x-2)(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{a}{x-2} + \frac{bx+c}{x^2+1} + \frac{dx+e}{(x^2+1)^2}, \end{aligned}

有:

2x2+2x+13=a(x2+1)2+(bx+c)(x2)(x2+1)+(dx+e)(x2)2x^{2}+2x+13=a\left(x^{2}+1\right)^{2}+\left(bx+c\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x^{2}+1\right)+\left(dx+e\right)\left(x-2\right)

采用赋值法确定系数

x=2x = 2,得 a=1a = 1

x=ix = i ,得11+2i=(di+e)(i2)=d2e+(e2d)i11+2i=(di+e)(i-2)=-d-2e+(e-2d)i

则:

{d2e=11,e2d=2,\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} -d-2e=11, \\ e-2d=2, \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}

d=3,e=4d = -3,e = -4

x=0x = 0,得c=2c = -2

x=1x = 1,得 b=1b = -1

故:

I=[1x2+x2x2+1+3x4(x2+1)2]dx=dxx2x+2x2+1dx3x+4(x2+1)2dx=lnx2xx2+1dx2dxx2+13x(x2+1)2dx4dx(x2+1)2=lnx212ln(x2+1)2arctanx+32(x2+1)2xx2+12arctanx+C=lnx212ln(x2+1)4x32(x2+1)4arctanx+C.\begin{aligned} I &= \int \left[ \frac{1}{x-2} + \frac{-x-2}{x^2+1} + \frac{-3x-4}{(x^2+1)^2} \right] \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x-2} - \int \frac{x+2}{x^2+1} \mathrm{d}x - \int \frac{3x+4}{(x^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \ln |x-2| - \int \frac{x}{x^2+1} \mathrm{d}x - 2 \int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^2+1} - 3 \int \frac{x}{(x^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}x - 4 \int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(x^2+1)^2} \\ &= \ln |x-2| - \frac{1}{2} \ln (x^2+1) - 2 \arctan x + \frac{3}{2(x^2+1)} - \frac{2x}{x^2+1} - 2 \arctan x + C \\ &= \ln |x-2| - \frac{1}{2} \ln (x^2+1) - \frac{4x-3}{2(x^2+1)} - 4 \arctan x + C. \end{aligned}

T2-换元法处理有理函数积分#

题意:#

求不定积分:

I= dxx2(1+x2)2I=\int\frac{\mathrm{~d}x}{x^{2}\left(1+x^{2}\right)^{2}}
题解

显然的做法是采用部分分式求解,分解后要求解6个待定系数,运算量非常大,采用换元积分可以简化很多

x=tantx = tant,则

I=sec2tdttan2tsec4t=dttan2tsec2t=sec2ttan2ttan2tsec2tdt=dttan2tdtsec2t=(csc2t1)dtcos2tdt=cotttt214sin2t+C=1x32arctanxx2(1+x2)+C.\begin{aligned} I &= \int \frac{\sec^2 t dt}{\tan^2 t \sec^4 t} = \int \frac{dt}{\tan^2 t \sec^2 t} = \int \frac{\sec^2 t - \tan^2 t}{\tan^2 t \sec^2 t} dt \\ &= \int \frac{dt}{\tan^2 t} - \int \frac{dt}{\sec^2 t} \\ &= \int (\csc^2 t - 1) dt - \int \cos^2 t dt \\ &= -\cot t - t - \frac{t}{2} - \frac{1}{4} \sin 2t + C \\ &= -\frac{1}{x} - \frac{3}{2} \arctan x - \frac{x}{2(1+x^2)} + C. \end{aligned}

T3-换元法处理有理函数积分#

题意:#

 I=dx(sinx+2secx)2\begin{aligned} \ I=\int \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{(\sin x+2 \sec x)^{2}} \end{aligned}
题解I=sec2xdxsec2x(sinx+2secx)2=d(tanx)(2tan2x+tanx+2)2=t=tanxdt(2t2+t+2)2\begin{aligned} I &= \int \frac{\sec^2 x \, dx}{\sec^2 x (\sin x + 2 \sec x)^2} \\ &= \int \frac{d(\tan x)}{(2 \tan^2 x + \tan x + 2)^2} \\ &\underset{t = \tan x}{=} \int \frac{dt}{(2t^2 + t + 2)^2} \end{aligned}

考虑不定积分I1= dt2t2+t+2I_{1}=\int\frac{\mathrm{~d}t}{2t^{2}+t+2},凑微分:

I1=12dt(t+14)2+1516=121154arctant+14154+C=215arctan4t+115+C\begin{aligned} I_1 &= \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{dt}{\left(t + \frac{1}{4}\right)^2 + \frac{15}{16}} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}} \arctan \frac{t + \frac{1}{4}}{\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}} + C \\ &= \frac{2}{\sqrt{15}} \arctan \frac{4t + 1}{\sqrt{15}} + C \end{aligned}

另一方面,利用分部积分:

I1=t2t2+t+2+t(4t+1)dt(2t2+t+2)2=t2t2+t+2+2(2t2+t+2)(t+14)154(2t2+t+2)2dt=t2t2+t+2+2dt2t2+t+214d(2t2+t+2)(2t2+t+2)2154dt(2t2+t+2)2=t2t2+t+2+2I1+14(2t2+t+2)154I,\begin{aligned}\\I_{1} &= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + \int \frac{t(4t + 1)dt}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} \\\\&= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + \int \frac{2(2t^{2} + t + 2) - \left(t + \frac{1}{4}\right) - \frac{15}{4}}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} dt \\\\&= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + 2 \int \frac{dt}{2t^{2} + t + 2} - \frac{1}{4} \int \frac{d(2t^{2} + t + 2)}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} - \frac{15}{4} \int \frac{dt}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} \\\\&= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + 2I_{1} + \frac{1}{4(2t^{2} + t + 2)} - \frac{15}{4}I,\\\end{aligned}

则:

I=4t+115(2t2+t+2)+415I1=4t+115(2t2+t+2)+81515arctan4t+115+C1=4tanx+115(2tan2x+tanx+2)+81515arctan4tanx+115+C1.\begin{aligned} I &= \frac{4t+1}{15(2t^2+t+2)} + \frac{4}{15} I_1 \\ &= \frac{4t+1}{15(2t^2+t+2)} + \frac{8}{15\sqrt{15}} \arctan \frac{4t+1}{\sqrt{15}} + C_1 \\ &= \frac{4\tan x + 1}{15(2\tan^2 x + \tan x + 2)} + \frac{8}{15\sqrt{15}} \arctan \frac{4\tan x + 1}{\sqrt{15}} + C_1. \end{aligned}
数学-积分类-分式积分
http://blog.7a7a68.xyz/posts/数学-5-11-积分类/
作者
Waning
发布于
2026-05-11
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