[数学] 积分类-分式积分

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[数学] 积分类-分式积分

数学-5/11-积分类#

T1-赋值法求有理函数积分#

题意:#

求不定积分:

I=∫2x2+2x+13(x−2)(x2+1)2dxI=\int\frac{2x^{2}+2x+13}{(x-2)(x^{2}+1)^{2}}\mathrm{d}x
题解

将积分分解为部分分式之和:

2x2+2x+13(x−2)(x2+1)2=ax−2+bx+cx2+1+dx+e(x2+1)2,\begin{aligned} \frac{2x^2 + 2x + 13}{(x-2)(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{a}{x-2} + \frac{bx+c}{x^2+1} + \frac{dx+e}{(x^2+1)^2}, \end{aligned}

有:

2x2+2x+13=a(x2+1)2+(bx+c)(x−2)(x2+1)+(dx+e)(x−2)2x^{2}+2x+13=a\left(x^{2}+1\right)^{2}+\left(bx+c\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x^{2}+1\right)+\left(dx+e\right)\left(x-2\right)

采用赋值法确定系数

令x=2x = 2,得 a=1a = 1

令x=ix = i ,得11+2i=(di+e)(i−2)=−d−2e+(e−2d)i11+2i=(di+e)(i-2)=-d-2e+(e-2d)i

则:

{−d−2e=11,e−2d=2,\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} -d-2e=11, \\ e-2d=2, \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}

故 d=−3,e=−4d = -3,e = -4

令x=0x = 0,得c=−2c = -2

令x=1x = 1,得 b=−1b = -1

故:

I=∫[1x−2+−x−2x2+1+−3x−4(x2+1)2]dx=∫dxx−2−∫x+2x2+1dx−∫3x+4(x2+1)2dx=ln⁡∣x−2∣−∫xx2+1dx−2∫dxx2+1−3∫x(x2+1)2dx−4∫dx(x2+1)2=ln⁡∣x−2∣−12ln⁡(x2+1)−2arctan⁡x+32(x2+1)−2xx2+1−2arctan⁡x+C=ln⁡∣x−2∣−12ln⁡(x2+1)−4x−32(x2+1)−4arctan⁡x+C.\begin{aligned} I &= \int \left[ \frac{1}{x-2} + \frac{-x-2}{x^2+1} + \frac{-3x-4}{(x^2+1)^2} \right] \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x-2} - \int \frac{x+2}{x^2+1} \mathrm{d}x - \int \frac{3x+4}{(x^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \ln |x-2| - \int \frac{x}{x^2+1} \mathrm{d}x - 2 \int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^2+1} - 3 \int \frac{x}{(x^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}x - 4 \int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(x^2+1)^2} \\ &= \ln |x-2| - \frac{1}{2} \ln (x^2+1) - 2 \arctan x + \frac{3}{2(x^2+1)} - \frac{2x}{x^2+1} - 2 \arctan x + C \\ &= \ln |x-2| - \frac{1}{2} \ln (x^2+1) - \frac{4x-3}{2(x^2+1)} - 4 \arctan x + C. \end{aligned}

T2-换元法处理有理函数积分#

题意:#

求不定积分:

I=∫ dxx2(1+x2)2I=\int\frac{\mathrm{~d}x}{x^{2}\left(1+x^{2}\right)^{2}}
题解

显然的做法是采用部分分式求解,分解后要求解6个待定系数,运算量非常大,采用换元积分可以简化很多

令 x=tantx = tant,则

I=∫sec⁡2tdttan⁡2tsec⁡4t=∫dttan⁡2tsec⁡2t=∫sec⁡2t−tan⁡2ttan⁡2tsec⁡2tdt=∫dttan⁡2t−∫dtsec⁡2t=∫(csc⁡2t−1)dt−∫cos⁡2tdt=−cot⁡t−t−t2−14sin⁡2t+C=−1x−32arctan⁡x−x2(1+x2)+C.\begin{aligned} I &= \int \frac{\sec^2 t dt}{\tan^2 t \sec^4 t} = \int \frac{dt}{\tan^2 t \sec^2 t} = \int \frac{\sec^2 t - \tan^2 t}{\tan^2 t \sec^2 t} dt \\ &= \int \frac{dt}{\tan^2 t} - \int \frac{dt}{\sec^2 t} \\ &= \int (\csc^2 t - 1) dt - \int \cos^2 t dt \\ &= -\cot t - t - \frac{t}{2} - \frac{1}{4} \sin 2t + C \\ &= -\frac{1}{x} - \frac{3}{2} \arctan x - \frac{x}{2(1+x^2)} + C. \end{aligned}

T3-换元法处理有理函数积分#

题意:#

 I=∫dx(sin⁡x+2sec⁡x)2\begin{aligned} \ I=\int \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{(\sin x+2 \sec x)^{2}} \end{aligned}
题解I=∫sec⁡2x dxsec⁡2x(sin⁡x+2sec⁡x)2=∫d(tan⁡x)(2tan⁡2x+tan⁡x+2)2=t=tan⁡x∫dt(2t2+t+2)2\begin{aligned} I &= \int \frac{\sec^2 x \, dx}{\sec^2 x (\sin x + 2 \sec x)^2} \\ &= \int \frac{d(\tan x)}{(2 \tan^2 x + \tan x + 2)^2} \\ &\underset{t = \tan x}{=} \int \frac{dt}{(2t^2 + t + 2)^2} \end{aligned}

考虑不定积分I1=∫ dt2t2+t+2I_{1}=\int\frac{\mathrm{~d}t}{2t^{2}+t+2},凑微分:

I1=12∫dt(t+14)2+1516=12⋅1154arctan⁡t+14154+C=215arctan⁡4t+115+C\begin{aligned} I_1 &= \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{dt}{\left(t + \frac{1}{4}\right)^2 + \frac{15}{16}} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}} \arctan \frac{t + \frac{1}{4}}{\frac{\sqrt{15}}{4}} + C \\ &= \frac{2}{\sqrt{15}} \arctan \frac{4t + 1}{\sqrt{15}} + C \end{aligned}

另一方面,利用分部积分:

I1=t2t2+t+2+∫t(4t+1)dt(2t2+t+2)2=t2t2+t+2+∫2(2t2+t+2)−(t+14)−154(2t2+t+2)2dt=t2t2+t+2+2∫dt2t2+t+2−14∫d(2t2+t+2)(2t2+t+2)2−154∫dt(2t2+t+2)2=t2t2+t+2+2I1+14(2t2+t+2)−154I,\begin{aligned}\\I_{1} &= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + \int \frac{t(4t + 1)dt}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} \\\\&= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + \int \frac{2(2t^{2} + t + 2) - \left(t + \frac{1}{4}\right) - \frac{15}{4}}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} dt \\\\&= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + 2 \int \frac{dt}{2t^{2} + t + 2} - \frac{1}{4} \int \frac{d(2t^{2} + t + 2)}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} - \frac{15}{4} \int \frac{dt}{(2t^{2} + t + 2)^{2}} \\\\&= \frac{t}{2t^{2} + t + 2} + 2I_{1} + \frac{1}{4(2t^{2} + t + 2)} - \frac{15}{4}I,\\\end{aligned}

则:

I=4t+115(2t2+t+2)+415I1=4t+115(2t2+t+2)+81515arctan⁡4t+115+C1=4tan⁡x+115(2tan⁡2x+tan⁡x+2)+81515arctan⁡4tan⁡x+115+C1.\begin{aligned} I &= \frac{4t+1}{15(2t^2+t+2)} + \frac{4}{15} I_1 \\ &= \frac{4t+1}{15(2t^2+t+2)} + \frac{8}{15\sqrt{15}} \arctan \frac{4t+1}{\sqrt{15}} + C_1 \\ &= \frac{4\tan x + 1}{15(2\tan^2 x + \tan x + 2)} + \frac{8}{15\sqrt{15}} \arctan \frac{4\tan x + 1}{\sqrt{15}} + C_1. \end{aligned}

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[数学] 积分类-分式积分
http://blog.7a7a68.xyz/posts/数学-5-11-积分类/
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JulY
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2026-05-11
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